The Constitution of India has been amended numerous times since its enactment in 1950. These amendments have been made to address changing political, social, and economic circumstances. Below is a brief explanation of each amendment up to the 105th Amendment:
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1st Amendment (1951)
- Added the Ninth Schedule to protect land reform and other laws included in it from judicial review.
- Restrictions on freedom of speech and expression were made more stringent.
- Made provision for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes.
2nd Amendment (1952)
- Readjusted the scale of representation in the Lok Sabha.
3rd Amendment (1954)
- Replaced the Part B states with Union territories in the Schedule I.
4th Amendment (1955)
- Restricted property rights and added more acts to the Ninth Schedule.
5th Amendment (1955)
- Empowered the President to fix the time limit for State legislatures to express their views on proposed Central legislation affecting their states.
6th Amendment (1956)
- Made special provisions for the Union territories.
- Extended laws to the new Union territories.
7th Amendment (1956)
- Reorganized the states based on language.
- Abolished the categories of Part A, B, C, and D states.
8th Amendment (1960)
- Extended the period of reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies for another 10 years.
9th Amendment (1960)
- Adjusted Indian territory following the agreement with Pakistan.
10th Amendment (1961)
- Incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli into the Indian Union.
11th Amendment (1961)
- Changed the procedure for the election of the President and the Vice-President and provided for more representation in Parliament.
12th Amendment (1962)
- Incorporated Goa, Daman, and Diu into the Indian Union.
13th Amendment (1962)
- Created Nagaland as a state with special protection.
14th Amendment (1962)
- Incorporated Pondicherry (Puducherry) into the Indian Union and provided for the creation of the Legislative Assembly for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur, and Goa.
15th Amendment (1963)
- Increased the age of retirement of High Court judges and extended their powers to act as a Supreme Court judge.
16th Amendment (1963)
- Made changes to the oath taken by MPs and MLAs.
- Empowered the state to impose restrictions on freedom of speech and expression, right to assemble peacefully, and the right to form associations in the interest of the sovereignty and integrity of India.
17th Amendment (1964)
- Included more land reforms laws in the Ninth Schedule.
18th Amendment (1966)
- Made provisions for a legislative assembly and a council of ministers for the Union Territory of Haryana.
19th Amendment (1966)
- Abolished the system of election tribunals and vested the power to hear election petitions in the High Courts.
20th Amendment (1966)
- Validated certain appointments of district judges in Uttar Pradesh.
21st Amendment (1967)
- Added Sindhi as an official language.
22nd Amendment (1969)
- Created a sub-state for the autonomous hill areas in Assam.
23rd Amendment (1969)
- Extended the period of reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies for another 10 years.
24th Amendment (1971)
- Affirmed the power of Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution including Fundamental Rights.
25th Amendment (1971)
- Curtailed the fundamental right to property.
- Made provision for compensation for the acquisition of private property by the state for public purposes.
26th Amendment (1971)
- Abolished privy purses and privileges of former rulers of princely states.
27th Amendment (1971)
- Reorganized the North-Eastern states.
- Created a new state of Manipur, Tripura, and Union Territories of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh.
28th Amendment (1972)
- Abolished special privileges and rights of the former rulers of princely states.
29th Amendment (1972)
- Included Kerala land reform acts in the Ninth Schedule.
30th Amendment (1972)
- Changed the basis for appeals in Supreme Court in civil cases from a valuation test to one involving substantial questions of law.
31st Amendment (1973)
- Increased the Lok Sabha seats from 525 to 545.
32nd Amendment (1973)
- Provided for the protection of regional interests in Andhra Pradesh by amending Article 371D.
33rd Amendment (1974)
- Tightened the procedure regarding the resignation and vacation of seats by MPs and MLAs.
34th Amendment (1974)
- Included more land reform acts in the Ninth Schedule.
35th Amendment (1974)
- Terminated the protectorate status of Sikkim and made it an associated state.
36th Amendment (1975)
- Made Sikkim a full state of the Indian Union.
37th Amendment (1975)
- Provided for the creation of a Legislative Assembly and Council of Ministers for Arunachal Pradesh.
38th Amendment (1975)
- Provided the President with the power to declare emergency and also made the declaration immune from judicial review.
39th Amendment (1975)
- Placed the election of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, and the Speaker of the Lok Sabha beyond the scrutiny of the judiciary.
40th Amendment (1976)
- Included more laws in the Ninth Schedule.
41st Amendment (1976)
- Raised the retirement age of members of the state Public Service Commissions and Joint Public Service Commissions from 60 to 62.
42nd Amendment (1976)
- Known as the “Mini-Constitution”, it brought about extensive changes, including the addition of the words “Socialist”, “Secular”, and “Integrity” to the Preamble.
- Added Fundamental Duties by the citizens (Article 51A).
- Curtailed the power of judicial review by the Supreme Court and High Courts.
- Strengthened the powers of the central government and the directive principles of state policy.
43rd Amendment (1977)
- Restored the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and High Courts which was curtailed by the 42nd Amendment.
44th Amendment (1978)
- Reversed many changes made by the 42nd Amendment.
- Restored the rights of the Supreme Court and High Courts.
- Provided that internal emergency could be proclaimed only on the grounds of “armed rebellion” and made the declaration of emergency immune from judicial review.
45th Amendment (1980)
- Extended the reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies for another 10 years.
46th Amendment (1982)
- Enabled the states to plug loopholes in the laws to collect sales tax.
47th Amendment (1984)
- Included more land reform acts in the Ninth Schedule.
48th Amendment (1984)
- Made special provisions for the state of Punjab by amending Article 356.
49th Amendment (1984)
- Recognized Tripura as a tribal area.
50th Amendment (1984)
- Empowered the state to make provisions for reservations in services for SCs, STs, and other backward classes.
51st Amendment (1984)
- Provided reservation of seats in Parliament for Scheduled Tribes in Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and Mizoram.
52nd Amendment (1985)
- Provided for the disqualification of MPs and MLAs on the ground of defection and added the Tenth Schedule for this purpose.
53rd Amendment (1986)
- Made special provisions in respect of Mizoram and ensured its full statehood.
54th Amendment (1986)
- Increased the salaries of the Chief Justice of India and other judges.
55th Amendment (1986)
- Provided for special autonomy to Arunachal Pradesh.
56th Amendment (1987)
- Converted Goa into a state and provided for a Legislative Assembly for Goa, Daman, and Diu.
57th Amendment (1987)
- Reserved seats for Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of Nagaland, Mizoram, and Meghalaya.
58th Amendment (1987)
- Provided for the authoritative text of the Constitution in Hindi.
59th Amendment (1988)
- Provided for emergency provisions specific to Punjab.
60th Amendment (1988)
- Increased the ceiling on taxes on professions, trades, callings, and employments.
61st Amendment (1989)
- Reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years for elections to the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies.
62nd Amendment (1989)
- Extended the reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies for another 10 years.
63rd Amendment (1989)
- Repealed the changes made by the 59th Amendment regarding emergency provisions in Punjab.
64th Amendment (1990)
- Extended President’s rule in Punjab.
65th Amendment (1990)
- Provided for a multi-member National Commission for SCs and STs.
66th Amendment (1990)
- Included more land reform acts in the Ninth Schedule.
67th Amendment (1990)
- Extended President’s rule in Punjab.
68th Amendment (1991)
- Extended President’s rule in Punjab.
69th Amendment (1991)
- Provided for the National Capital Territory of Delhi and gave it a Legislative Assembly.
70th Amendment (1992)
- Included the Union territories of Delhi and Pondicherry in the electoral college for the election of the President.
71st Amendment (1992)
- Included Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali languages in the Eighth Schedule.
72nd Amendment (1992)
- Provided for reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in the Tripura Legislative Assembly.
73rd Amendment (1992)
- Provided constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions and added the Eleventh Schedule.
74th Amendment (1992)
- Provided constitutional status to urban local bodies and added the Twelfth Schedule.
75th Amendment (1994)
- Provided for setting up of Rent Control Tribunals.
76th Amendment (1994)
- Included Tamil Nadu Reservation Act in the Ninth Schedule.
77th Amendment (1995)
- Provided for reservation in promotions for SCs and STs.
78th Amendment (1995)
- Included more land reform acts in the Ninth Schedule.
79th Amendment (1999)
- Extended the reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies for another 10 years.
80th Amendment (2000)
- Provided for an alternative scheme of devolution of revenue between the Centre and states.
81st Amendment (2000)
- Provided that the unfilled reserved vacancies of a year shall be carried forward to the subsequent year.
82nd Amendment (2000)
- Restored the provision of relaxation of qualifying marks and reservation of vacancies in promotion for SCs and STs.
83rd Amendment (2000)
- Exempted Arunachal Pradesh from reservation for SCs in Panchayati Raj institutions.
84th Amendment (2001)
- Extended the ban on the readjustment of seats in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies for another 25 years.
85th Amendment (2001)
- Provided for “consequential seniority” in case of promotions by reservation.
86th Amendment (2002)
- Made elementary education a fundamental right and added Article 21A.
- Changed the Directive Principle of State Policy in Article 45.
- Added a new fundamental duty under Article 51A.
87th Amendment (2003)
- Provided for the readjustment of electoral constituencies based on the population of 2001 Census.
88th Amendment (2003)
- Provided for Service Tax to be levied by the Union and collected and appropriated by the Union and the States.
89th Amendment (2003)
- Bifurcated the National Commission for SCs and STs into two separate commissions.
90th Amendment (2003)
- Provided for reservation of seats for STs in the Legislative Assembly of Jharkhand.
91st Amendment (2003)
- Restricted the size of the Council of Ministers to 15% of the total number of members in the Lok Sabha or state legislative assembly.
- Strengthened the provisions of the anti-defection law.
92nd Amendment (2003)
- Included Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santali languages in the Eighth Schedule.
93rd Amendment (2005)
- Empowered the state to make special provisions for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes or SCs and STs regarding their admission to educational institutions.
94th Amendment (2006)
- Provided for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in the states of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
95th Amendment (2009)
- Extended the reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies for another 10 years.
96th Amendment (2011)
- Substituted “Odia” for “Oriya” in the Eighth Schedule.
97th Amendment (2012)
- Provided for the promotion of cooperative societies.
- Made the right to form cooperative societies a fundamental right (Article 19).
- Added a new Directive Principle of State Policy on the promotion of cooperative societies (Article 43B).
98th Amendment (2013)
- Provided for the creation of a separate development board for the Hyderabad-Karnataka region.
99th Amendment (2015)
- Established the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) for the appointment and transfer of judges in the higher judiciary. Note: This amendment was struck down by the Supreme Court in 2015.
100th Amendment (2015)
- Gave effect to the acquiring of certain territories by India and the transfer of certain territories to Bangladesh in pursuance of the agreement between India and Bangladesh.
101st Amendment (2016)
- Introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST), a single comprehensive indirect tax on the supply of goods and services.
102nd Amendment (2018)
- Gave constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes.
103rd Amendment (2019)
- Provided for 10% reservation in government jobs and educational institutions for economically weaker sections of the society.
104th Amendment (2020)
- Extended the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies for another 10 years but ended the reserved seats for Anglo-Indians.
105th Amendment (2021)
- Restored the power of states to identify and specify socially and educationally backward classes.
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These amendments reflect India’s dynamic political landscape and its responses to various social, economic, and administrative challenges. Each amendment has contributed to the evolution of the Indian Constitution to better address the needs of the country and its citizens.